Business Research Part

The wellness groups make is decently ass for anybody with a weight reduction or wellbeing objective to quantify and follow their activity to incorporate advances taken every day, and measure of vitality and calories consumed. N.B. has shaped a group to explore the precision and effect of wearing the fuel band. The essential advantage of the fuel band is expected to be to help with helping customers track their movement so as to shed pounds. To guarantee this is advantage is being accomplished N.B. requirements to show that as an individual's action level increments so does the quantity of calories they are consuming. Speculation Statements 1 .The utilization of a wellness band to follow action will prompt expanded action (steps taken and separation secured) bringing about weight reduction. 2. The exactness of the wellness band will permit people an approach to know the degree of their day by day yield and contribution to arrange for them to arrive at their wellness objectives. Examin ation In getting ready for this investigation there was a specific inquiries that guided the general reasoning. What effect does a wellness band have on a clients by and large broad wellbeing? By showing information concerning day by day action, for example, steps taken, separation secured, calories consumed and hours rested can a client increase a carefulness of their general activity?With this is mind it is imperative to think back on the data that is right now accessible to us. There have been broad investigations directed in this domain since the wellness band has risen into the wellbeing and wellness industry. The group autonomously went out and looked into this exploration to discover what might be applicable to setting up this examination plan. These range to reiterate the precision of the band on action, the persuading factor it has on calorie checking, and the general execution of the different groups on the market.In a few of the articles it was apparent that when maturing strolling movement wellness groups proceed as wanted. The Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports (2014) distributed an examination where an example of grown-ups utilized wellness groups while strolling on the treadmill at different rates. Endless supply of the examination it was considered the no â€Å"significant contrasts were noted† between the wellness groups tally and that of the spectator checks, subsequently a significant level of between gadget unwavering quality was available (Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, 2014).Establishing that a wellness and has high dependability it precisely showing action hardened the decision of our reliant variable. Next we need set up that our free factor were what we needed to be founded on the different other examination out there. Mossier set forth an examination in 2014 about the rising significance innovation would play in following action (Mossier, 2014). The investigation talked about when a client precisely tracks ac tion and calorie admission it is a powerful system for improved objective setting and generally speaking wellbeing. This helped lead us toward with expanded consciousness of action loads misfortune result?An article by Richards would state it does yet with humble outcomes in momentary use (Annals of Family Medicine, 2008). This article talked about the Cross-sectional investigations demonstrate that people who walk more will in general be more slender than the individuals who walk less. This doesn't mean, nonetheless, that the relationship between higher advance checks and lower weight is causal or that urging stationary people to build step tallies encourages them get more fit. The examination demonstrated that at least 5 grown-up members and at any rate 1 associate took a crack at a pedometer-based strolling mediation enduring at any rate a month.

Global warming exists Essay Example for Free

An unnatural weather change exists Essay The discussion about whether an Earth-wide temperature boost is a reality has gotten opposing contentions from the different fronts on the worldwide network. Rivals of the wonder affirm that atmosphere changes every once in a while are regular events. On the opposite side, defenders guarantee that the world has been encountering pattern of increment in temperatures of the earths close to surface climate since mid twentieth century. This has especially been credited with the beginning and expanding industrialization in the worldwide network. Such have the suggestion that exercises by humanity are to be accused for the issue of environmental change on the planet. Given the accessible proof that the world is encountering erratic atmosphere and climate designs, a worldwide temperature alteration is no uncertainty a reality in the cutting edge society. Reasons for a worldwide temperature alteration According to logical research discoveries, a worldwide temperature alteration is characterized as the continuous increment in the temperatures of the earth’s environment close to the surface (Johansen, 2002). This has been firmly connected with expanded discharge and aggregation of ozone harming substances, for example, carbon dioxide in the environment (Revkin, 2008). These gases are liable for catching warmth discharged from the earth’s surface and in this manner expanding the barometrical temperatures. It is significant that ozone harming substances are generally a result of the creation procedure by enterprises. For instance to accentuation this cases, humankind exercises are assessed to deliver carbon dioxide (which is the significant ozone harming substance) at a pace of more than 25 billion metric tons every year (Revkin, 2008). Moreover, deforestation, which involves chopping down of trees by man has added to the expanded convergence of carbon dioxide in the climate. Consequently, albeit some characteristic procedures, for example, fossil rot and volcanic ejections can prompt ozone harming substance outflow, humankind kind exercises remain the primary driver of a dangerous atmospheric devation given the tremendous measures of ozone depleting substances created by ventures over the globe (Kluger, 2006). Proof supporting the presence of a worldwide temperature alteration There are various confirmations showing the presence of an unnatural weather change in the globe. To start with, the world is clearly seeing a decrease in its mountain ice and icy masses saves (Kluger, 2006). As per accessible research discoveries, the rate Arctic shrinkage is higher than some other time throughout the entire existence of humanity. In any case, the world is encountering a slow yet genuine ascent in ocean levels, a factor which is undermining the submergence of some low laying islands (Johansen, 2002). Such increments are obviously accused for the expansion in the pace of liquefying of mountain ice and icy masses. A dangerous atmospheric devation has been accused for the event of extraordinary climate conditions. Such incorporate floods, dry spells just as warmth waves, which are obvious on the planet today (Revkin, 2008). It is additionally guaranteed that because of an unnatural weather change, extension and dissipation of ocean waters are high. Just to be acknowledged is the way that such high paces of vanishing of water into the environment prompts expanded pace of downpour development along the beach front locales. Such are for sure, the explanation for the successive flooding saw in our seaside districts (Kluger, 2006). Along these lines, since nobody can discredit the proof of an unnatural weather change on ocean water extension and expanded flooding in the beach front districts, at that point a dangerous atmospheric devation is a genuine danger to the maintainable social and monetary improvement of the worldwide network. The world is set apart with the issue of capricious atmosphere changes. As by the accessible measurements, the globe is seeing a changing pattern in its breeze designs (Johansen, 2002). It is important that the procedure of wind development is reliant on earth surface temperatures which lead to extension of air. Moreover, wind is a significant factor in impacting the downpour designs over the globe. This is on the grounds that it demonstrations to convey water fume from its source to different districts. In view of this thinking, since wind and downpour storms are no uncertainty an immediate aftereffect of earth surface temperatures, at that point an unnatural weather change must be a genuine marvel. Just to be underlined here is the way that such erratic breeze designs are answerable for the prominent disappointment by climate determining researchers in giving dependable locale explicit climate expectations. In this way, the worldwide temperature swings are liable for the expanding development of unusual climate designs over the globe. Another verification in help that an Earth-wide temperature boost is a genuine wonder is the pattern of expanded rates of sickness episodes over the globe (Johansen, 2002). Consistent with the letter, generally, illnesses were sorted by locales. Notwithstanding, because of atmosphere transforms, it isn't remarkable it experience customarily tropical sicknesses in different districts of the world (Johansen, 2002). As indicated by accessible proof, the human network is seeing an expansion in the quantity of skin malignant growth maladies. Such have been firmly ascribed to an expansion in the measure of bright beams arriving at the earth surface. It is important here that such increments are an immediate consequence of the obvious contracting of the ozone layer, a marvel that is named as a dangerous atmospheric devation. End It is plainly settled that the world is progressively seeing a consistently changing pattern on its atmosphere. Such are apparent from the regularly expanding mountain ice and icy masses saves which lead to extension of ocean waters. This compromises the employment of those settled in the low seaside locales. The wonder is likewise accused for flighty breeze and downpour designs just as expanded spreading of illnesses over the worldwide. Subsequently, a dangerous atmospheric devation is a genuine marvel undermining the supportable presence of the human network. References Johansen, B. (2002). The Global Warming Desk Reference. New York: Greenwood Press. Kluger, J. (2006). An unnatural weather change Heats Up. Recovered May 17, 2010, from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1176980,00. html Revkin, A. (2008). A Shift in the Debate over Global Warming. Recovered May 17, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/04/06/weekinreview/06revkin. html

Colby, William Egan

Colby, William Egan Colby, William Egan, 1920â€"96, American public official, b. St. Paul, Minn., grad. Princeton, 1940. During World War II he served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and in 1944 was dropped by parachute behind enemy lines in German-occupied France, where he commanded a squad of saboteurs. After obtaining a law degree (Columbia, 1947), he reentered government, joining the fledgling Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1950 and serving in U.S. embassies in Sweden (1951â€"53), Italy (1953â€"58), and South Vietnam (1959â€"62). In 1962 he was recalled to Washington as chief (1962â€"67) of the Far East division of the CIA, where he helped direct the controversial Phoenix Intelligence Program, part of the U.S. pacification efforts in South Vietnam. Colby was appointed director of the CIA by President Nixon in 1973. In 1975 he cooperated with congressional investigations into CIA activities that revealed numerous instances of questionable activities, including involvement in domes tic espionage and assassination attempts on foreign leaders. Although many credited him with saving the agency, which was brought under greater governmental control, numerous conservatives criticized him for his candor and cooperation. In Nov., 1975, he was relieved of his position by President Ford, who replaced him with George H. W. Bush . After leaving the CIA, Colby was an active advocate of arms reductions. See his memoirs (1978, 1989); biography by R. B. Woods (2013); J. Prados, William Colby and the CIA (2009). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Grapes Of Wrath And The Great Gatsby - 1738 Words

Imagine a time when the aristocracy controls a poor man’s life. Every second he lives with the risk of an upper class member deciding whether or not to change his life for better or worse because they believe he is less than human. Although America in the nineteen twenties and thirties was known as the land of opportunity and the home of the American Dream; authors John Steinbeck and Scott Fitzgerald express different opinions in their novels, The Grapes of Wrath and The Great Gatsby, respectively. Each author uses the characterization of the wealthy classes to condemn the American Dream and show how people of this time portrayed by fictional characters were dehumanized. Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath portrays dehumanization through landlords and government officials, who are seen persistently harassing the Joad family, the main characters of the novel, and making their quest of survival near impossible. On the other hand, Fitzgerald, through the use of characterization, r eveals the upper class citizens to be the source of all problems for the middle and lower classes. Gatsby, whom the book is named after, surprisingly only receives a small part of the blame more generously bestowed upon Tom Buchanan and his unloving wife Daisy. Nick, the narrator, is seen in a constant struggle of whether to lose his humanity and become one of these rich apathetic â€Å"monsters†, his goal in the beginning of his journey, or to keep his humanity but give up on his dream. Therefore, bothShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagestheir actions are inhumane, that their actions leave â€Å"fifteen or twenty families [hungry]† (Steinbeck 5.50). Stubborn and passionate about becoming part of the prosperous capitalist economy (which is the tone Steinbeck carries out throughout The Grapes of Wrath), they forget about humility, honesty, and selflessness. The tone, along with the repetition of the three dollars a day the aggressors earn, reflects their cold-hearted determination to risk all that ever mattered to them in order to savor theRead MoreThe American Dream In The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath825 Words   |  4 Pageslink plummet. The true American Dream can be chased, but exists if and only if the one trying for it can accept failure and move on. This continually presents itself in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Taking place in the height of the Great Depression, Grapes depicts the Joads, a family with no wealth that loses everything due to foreclosure and repossession. This family continually looks for both jobs and stability, which are reflected in the synopsisRead MoreThe Selfish and the Selfless in The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath919 Words   |  4 Pagesrepeatedly takes place in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, where many characters act out of their own self-interest. However, throughout The Grapes of Wrath, written by John Steinbeck, the individuals often commit acts of true altruism. Instead of always being on the lookout for themselves, they often make sacrifices for others. The Great Gatsby’s selfish, egocentric acts contrast with the altruistic, selfless acts in The Grapes of Wrath through demonstrations of self sacrifice, greed, andRead MoreSelfishness Explored in The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath1114 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed by W illiam E. Gladstone as â€Å"the greatest curse of the human race† (William E. Gladstone quotes, 2010). Collectively, The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath demonstrate how selfishness breaks society, affecting both the individual as well as those around him, and how selflessness repairs it. Loneliness results from selfish choices. In The Grapes of Wrath, Muley Graves chooses selfishness when his entire family moves to California in hopes to find a better life, knowing that they willRead MoreAmerican Ideals : The Grapes Of Wrath And The Great Gatsby2037 Words   |  9 PagesAustin Iverson AP English American Ideals: The Grapes of Wrath and The Great Gatsby Throughout history there have been certain political and social ideals that have been upheld by most individuals in American society. These ideals include liberty, equality, and pursuing the American dream. Many of these American ideals can be seen in the classic novels The Grapes of Wrath and The Great Gatsby. Both novels take place within two decades of each other in the same country but with vastly differentRead MoreEssay on Greed In The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath935 Words   |  4 Pagesbetter than most novels of that period. These novels, The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath, show that despite the difference between the 1920s and the 1930s, greed remained a part of human life, whether superficially or necessarily, and that many people used their greed to damage themselves and others. In both of these novels, greed as a whole is negative, corrosive, abrasive, destructive, and apocalyptic. As an example, in Gatsby the namesake, Gatsby’s, desire for Daisy forces him to becomeRead MoreThe Role of Food in The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesin F. Scott Fitzgerald’s work The Great Gatsby and John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath vary immensely. The complexity and need for sustenance differ between the books, but both reflect the events, viewpoints, and attitudes of the time periods they are set in. The complexity of food and drink changes from book to book. Extravagant and sophisticated food and drink litter the background in The Great Gatsby. For instance, chapter three of The Great Gatsby describes â€Å"buffet tables, garnishedRead MoreScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. Other themes are also central to each novel, the strength in unity and the influenceRead MoreThe Great Gatsby, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Grapes of Wrath1799 Words   |  8 Pagescontent and comforted, love can make anyone feel more alone than ever before. Love is presumed to be a step in life. The expectation society applies to it leads to alienation of characters in the summer reading of The Great Gatsby, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and The Grapes of Wrath. For some characters, love is a moral value right from the start. Zora Neale Hurston introduces us to Janie in her book, Their Eyes Were Watching God. Janie is a young, vibrant African American living with her grandmotherRead MoreTheme Of Pride In The Great Gatsby1177 Words   |  5 Pagesdisplay characters who embody excess pride, that the pride either sets them apart in society or pushes them to start separating society by themself. With evidence from The Great Gatsby, The Crucible, and The Grapes of Wrath it can be proven that pride can lead to separation within a society. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby outlines this theme through the hollowness of the upper class. In the book there are two divisions of the upper class, the old money and the new money, those who inherited

Fundamental And Economical Swot Of Commonwealth And Nab...

Table of contents 1. Title 2. Executive summary 3. Introduction 4. Body I. Macro Analysis II. Micro Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. Recommendation 7. References Fundamental and Economical Analysis of Commonwealth and NAB bank Executive summary This is an economic strategic record, which is divided into three components. Section A describes and introduced Commonwealth Bank and Nab Bank concerning the mission, current price methods and the market definition of the Commonwealth Bank and Nab Bank. These banks are the top four biggest banks in Australia, which is delivering monetary offerings. To be trained identifies countless strategic variables, which greatly influence the efficiency and the profitability of the bank. Section B, describes the primary strategic variables that form the part of interior analysis like: interest rates, financial rates, financial ratios, performance, activity ratio, assets, Capabilities, Core expertise. Macroeconomic developments in the same way are used to examine the ability of macroeconomic variables to explain movements in individual banks risk and banks credit risk. Resources kind the essential detail for any organization and hence availability of sufficient resources determines the success o f the group. Section C, demonstrates the appropriate idea about the equity markets, credit markets, and management of economic condition of two banks. Introduction The Commonwealth financial institution of Australia is an Australian multinationalShow MoreRelatedSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 Pagespractitioners and academics. These individuals are listed below. Name Angela Diamond Max Franchitto Craig Keary Mark Veyret Sharon Waterhouse Shumita Gujral Employer Diamond Communication Services MGF Consulting Group Westpac Institutional Bank PricewaterhouseCoopers St George Bank Kaplan Higher Education Position Director Management Adviser Business Analyst Head of Sales and Distribution, Executive Director Executive Director, Business Development and Marketing Head of Retail and Business Banking Hunter

Interpersonal Relationship and Paragraph Order Free Essays

A paragraph by analogy compares two different things on the basis of their similarities in certain aspects. This kind of paragraph development premises its explanation on the familiar or known, so that the logical order (from the familiar to the unfamiliar) is presumed to be the best paragraph order. Falling in love is like skydiving. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpersonal Relationship and Paragraph Order or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skydiving is a risk because you are never 100% certain that you will survive the fall. Likewise, falling in love is also a risk because you never know if your love will survive. As you fall out of an airplane, your adrenalin is pumping, your stomach is in knots and your heart is pounding in your chest. In love you also feel this sense of euphoria and excitement. But like in skydiving, love does not come without its challenges. You must learn to lose control and rely on your partner for help and personal growth. In skydiving you are dependent on the parachute; without it you will dye. In love you are dependent on your partner and must take your partner’s needs into consideration. In skydiving, your first experience determines your love or loathing for the sport. After the first jump, a person is enticed by the sport or else fearful and hesitant to try another jump. So we can argue that in love, a person’s first experience in love can also determine how they approach future relationships. If a person has a warm first love experience, they will be open and willing to engage in other relationships. If, however, the person is badly hurt and burnt so greatly by their first relationship, they will be very hesitant to enter in a subsequent relationship. What are Analogies? An expression of similarity between two unlikethings. They are most commonly used to explainsomething unknown in terms of somethingknownAn analogy is also a comparison which showsthat if two things are alike in one way, they canbe alike in others. Writing Paragraphs withAnalogies? When explaining difficult concepts, usesomething with which the reader is likely to befamiliar and compare it to the concept inquestion. ? Be sure you know enough about both to be ableto carry the comparison out. ? There must be some similarity between the tworelationships. ? Do not try to stretch an analogy too far. How to cite Interpersonal Relationship and Paragraph Order, Papers

GHB Essay Research Paper GHB or gamma free essay sample

GHB Essay, Research Paper GHB, or gamma hydroxybutyrate, is a cardinal nervous system sedative which can loosen up or calm the organic structure that is normally given in a clear liquid signifier that looks merely similar H2O and is normally found in little bottles, like empty Visine bottles, Gatorade bottles, or old H2O bottles. GHB can besides come in the signifier of a light-colored power, which you mix into sodium carbonate, intoxicant, or H2O. GHB is comparatively inexpensive, $ 5- $ 10 dollars a capful or teaspoonful, and the intoxicant effects normally takes topographic point within 10 to 20 proceedingss, enduring up to 4 hours, depending on the sum of GHB taken. There? s really small information about GHB? s effects on any one organic structure type. # 8220 ; A dosage that might do a 150-pound miss high could kill a 300-pound adult male. And the dosage that made you high yesterday might kill you today. We will write a custom essay sample on GHB Essay Research Paper GHB or gamma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; Porrata, a rave drug specializer and former narcotics detective provinces. Some of the known side effects of GHB involve poisoning, speaking, increased energy, felicity, desire to socialise, sensualness, possible sickness, enhanced sexual experience, experiencing playful or fond, loss of joke physiological reaction, loss of coordination due to loss of musculus tone, mild disinhibition, or the feeling of freedom ; exposure, psychotic beliefs, depression, giddiness, hallucinations, ictuss, low blood force per unit area, slowed bosom rate, or trouble concentrating. Some of the more serious effects include memory loss, purging, respiratory jobs, loss of conscienceness, being scruples but unable to travel, joging incoherent address, sedation, disinhibition, silliness, absurdity, desire to kip, go throughing out, and decease, particularly when GHB is assorted with intoxicant or other drugs! Some of the slang words used for GHB are Grievous Bodi ly Harm, G, Liquid Ecstasy ( it? s NOT ecstasy ) , Salty Water, Scoop, GBH-OH, Fantasy Water, Everclear, Great Hormones at Bedtime, Soap, Goop, Georgia Home Boy, Liquid X, GBH, Gamma-OH, Easy Lay, G-Riffick, Cherry Meth, Jip, the â€Å"Date Rape Drug, † and/or Organic Quaalude. GHB got the name # 8220 ; the day of the month colza drug # 8221 ; because exigency room patients have been raped while intoxicated by the drug ; had it slipped into their drink. It is really hard for ER physicians to name patients before it? s excessively late because GHB normally leaves the organic structure within 12 hours. However, where as older GHB sensing trials used to take several millimetres of piss and up to a yearss worth of lab testing, a new trial had been developed which takes about 3 hours for consequences and merely a few beads of piss. Unless you? re deliberately taking GHB, protect yourself and others you are with by: Not demuring drinks from aliens. Not go forthing your drink unattended piece at a party or rave, or anyplace for that affair. Steering clear from unfastened drinks, such as punch bowls. Stick to tins or bottles if you? re traveling to imbibe. Be cognizant of GHB and cognize the marks ; have a designated individual ticker you and if you, or anyone is experiencing faint, giddy, or experience as though your limbs are heavy, GET HELP! Particularly when milder symptoms get worse! Be weary of people who aren? t trust-worthy. The most common error made with poisoning of GHB is people pretermiting to acquire aid and believing a individual who is ill will kip it off # 8230 ; they may neer wake up if they aren? T treated. , which is why over the last nine old ages, there? s been an estimated 5,700 reported instances of people who? ve overdosed on GHB and 65 who have died.

Racism During the Depression free essay sample

Racism during the Depression Describe how racism seems to have been a factor in how people fared during the Depression. Racism has had an effect in almost every episode in American history, including today. However, during the depression of the 1930’s there was no question of racism, not only that it existed, but also it was openly practice. Blacks and other minorities were struggling in their effort to compete for jobs and social programs that were in place to help the people who were having a tough time finding work and putting food on the table for their families. There were times when violence erupted against blacks to the extent that they (blacks) lost any hope of any social and economic gains. Whites were so against blacks getting jobs because they thought Blacks should not be on the same level as Whites. By being denied equal opportunities to be able to get jobs and to be able to receive help from social programs, blacks begin to fight back in order to achieve some form of dignity. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism During the Depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Blacks suffered considerable more when whites begin to take jobs that were traditionally held for blacks only. The type of jobs whites considered beneath their dignity became a commodity to them. In my opinion, racism is still as great a factor in people’s economic success today. Although, the American economy has grown steadily since the days of the depression but Blacks in America are still struggling and lagging well behind their whites counterparts. The growth in the number of Blacks achieving educational success, gaining job status in such areas of school professors, doctors, lawyers, key military position, CEOs, and a host of other promising positions that has brought about a significant change in the economic status of Blacks in America. In spite of all accomplishments, racism is still lurking in one of the covert ways than one can imagine. It is almost like yes, my Black brother and sister, you have made progress, but I will not allow you to be achieving the same social and economic status as me. Look at what is going on with the President of the United States of America, who happens to be a Black American. President Obama and his wife, Michelle, are working very hard to bring American back to the forefront of being the most powerful and respected government in the world. Yet, the White regime is doing everything possible to ensure when they leave office that their legacy will not compare to a President Bill Clinton or a George W. Bush. The handwriting is on the wall from the White GOP Congress; I will not allow the opportunity of a successful presidency for four years and do not even think about another four-year term. How can one be successful when being fought every step of the way? In conclusion, if I knew why I would be doing everything possible to change the hearts and minds of those who falls in the category of defaming Blacks in America? I truly believe that one day Doctor Martin Luther King’s dream will come true, but now we are still playing on an un-level playing field of justice. Sources: Text Book, page 192-198

Torralba and Ambrona - Lower Paleolithic Sites in Spain

Torralba and Ambrona - Lower Paleolithic Sites in Spain Torralba and Ambrona are two open-air Lower Paleolithic (Acheulean) sites located two kilometers (about 1 mile) apart on the Ambrona River in the Soria region of Spain, 150 km (93 mi) northeast of Madrid, Spain. The sites are at ~1100-1150 meters (3600-3750 feet) above sea level on either side of the Masegar river valley. Both were thought by excavators F. Clark Howell and Leslie Freeman to contain important evidence for 300,000-year-old hunting and butchering of mammoth by Homo erectus- a pretty revolutionary idea for the 1960s. More recent investigations and developing technologies have shown that Torralba and Ambrona do not have identical stratigraphies, and were occupied at least 100,000 years apart. Further, research has rejected much of Howell and Freemans ideas of the site. Although Torralba and Ambrona turned out not at all to be what their primary excavators thought, the importance of the two sites lies in the notion of ancient butchering and how that stimulated the development of techniques to define what evidence would support that type of behavior. Recent research at Ambrona has also supported the North African origin for the Iberian Acheulean during the Middle Pleistocene. Cutmarks and Taphonomy Howell and Freeman believed that the two sites represented the mass killing and butchering of extinct elephants, deer, and cows that took place at the side of a lake approximately 300,000 years ago. Elephants were driven into the marshes by fire, they hypothesized, then dispatched with wooden spears or stones. Acheulean bifaces and other stone tools were then used to batter open the animal skulls; sharp-edged flakes were used to slice meat and disarticulate joints. American archaeologist Lewis Binford, writing about the same time, argued that although the evidence didnt support butchering or killing, it did support scavenging behavior: but even Binford didnt have the technological advances that have dissolved the previous interpretations. Howell based his argument for hunting and butchery on the presence of cutmarks- longitudinal slices evident in the surfaces of the bones. This argument was tested in a seminal article by American archaeologists Pat Shipman and Jennie Rose, whose microscopic investigations first began to define the diagnostic features of cut marks. Shipman and Rose found that there was a very small percentage of genuine cutmarks in the bone assemblages, accounting for less than 1% of the bones they looked at. In 2005, Italian archaeologist Paolo Villa and colleagues described further taphonomic studies of the faunal assemblage from Ambrona and concluded that while bone and stone artifacts show varying degrees of mechanical abrasion, there is no clear evidence of either hunting or butchery. Animal Bone and Tool Assemblages Animal bone from the Lower Complex levels from Ambrona (dated to 311,000-366,000 based on Uranium Series-Electron Spin Resonance U/ESR) are dominated by extinct elephant bone (Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus), deer (Dama cf. dama and Cervus elaphus), horse (Equus caballus torralbae) and cattle (Bos primigenius). Stone tools from both sites are associated with the Acheulean tradition, although there are very few of them. According to Howell and Freemans two sets of excavations, ivory points were found at both sites: Torralbas assemblages included 10 and Ambrona 45, all made from elephant tusks. However, Villa and DErricos 2001 investigations of those points revealed a broad variability in length, width, and stem length, inconsistent with patterned tool production. Based on the presence of eroded surfaces, Villa and DErrico concluded that none of the points are indeed points at all, but rather are natural remnants of elephant tusk breakage. Stratigraphy and Dating A close examination of the assemblages indicates that they were likely disturbed. Torralba assemblages, in particular, appear disturbed, with up to one-third of the bones exhibiting edge-rounding, a characteristic thought to be the result of the erosive effects of having been rolled in water. Both occupations are large in area, but with a low density of artifacts, suggesting that the smaller and lighter elements have been removed, again suggesting dispersal by water, and surely by a combination of displacement, redeposition, and perhaps mixing between adjacent levels. Research at Torralba and Ambrona Torralba was discovered during installation of a railway in 1888 and first excavated by the Marques de Cerralbo in 1907–1911; he also discovered the Ambrona site. The two sites were first systematically excavated by F. Clark Howell and Leslie Freeman in 1961–1963 and again in 1980–1981. A Spanish team led by Santonja and Perez-Gonzalez ran an interdisciplinary research project at Ambrona between 1993–2000, and again between 2013–2015. The most recent excavations at Ambrona have been part of work identifying evidence for an African origin of the Acheulean stone tool industry in the Iberian peninsula between MIS 12-16. Ambronas levels dated to MIS 11 included characteristic Acheulean handaxes and cleavers; other sites supporting an African Acheulean include Gran Dolina and Cuesta de la Bajada among others. This represents, say Santonja and colleagues, evidence of an influx of African hominids across the straits of Gibraltar approximately 660,000-524,000 years ago. Sources Falguà ¨res C, Bahain J-J, Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A, Mercier N, Santonja M, and Dolo J-M. 2006. The Lower Acheulian site of Ambrona, Soria (Spain): ages derived from a combined ESR/U-series model. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:149–157.Postigo-Mijarra JM, Gà ³mez-Manzaneque F, and Morla C. 2017. Woody macroremains from the Acheulian site of Torralba: Occurrence and palaeoecology of Pinus cf. sylvestris in the Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula. Comptes Rendus Palevol 16(3):225–234.Shipman P, and Rose J. 1983. Evidence of butchery and hominid activities at Torralba and Ambrona; an evaluation using microscopic techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science 10(5):465–474.Santonja M, Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A, Panera J, Rubio-Jara S, and Mà ©ndez-Quintas E. 2016. The coexistence of Acheulean and Ancient Middle Palaeolithic techno-complexes in the Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 411(Part B):367-377.Santonja M, Rubio-Jara S, Pa nera J, Snchez-Romero L, Tarrià ±o A, and Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A. 2017. Ambrona revisited: The Acheulean lithic industry in the Lower Stratigraphic Complex. Quaternary International: In press. Villa P, Soto E, Santonja M, Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A, Mora R, Parcerisas J, and Sesà © C. 2005. New data from Ambrona: closing the hunting versus scavenging debate. Quaternary International 126–128:223–250. doi:

The Criticisms of Scalon's Millan Principle Essay

The Criticisms of Scalon's Millan Principle - Essay Example The Millian principle on Liberty simply means that certain harms may have had no probability of occurring if, not for some expressed actions. However, once these harms occur, the perpetrators may not justify their actions by legally restricting the actions. These harms include; those that originate from certain acts of expression, which include deceiving the individuals into having false beliefs and acts of expressions, which lead people into acting in ways that may lead to harmful consequences, especially in situations where there is a correlation between the act of expression and the succeeding harmful consequences. This correlation simply includes a mere fact that the act of expression facilitated the agents’ belief or led them to believe that it would be worthy performing the acts. Scanlon defended this principle by illustrating that it was a consequence of a certain idea regarding limits of justifiable political authority. That the government’s legitimate powers ar e restricted to people that can be protected on incompatibility grounds, with the citizen’s authority Scanlon (1979, p. 529). However, Scanlon does not fully agree with this principle. In his criticism, Scanlon argues that the Millian principle aimed at ruling out censorship arguments to which Mill was responding. The principle did this by declaring that the harmful consequences appealed by this argument cannot count as prospective justification for lawful restrictions of expression. However, Scanlon argues that there are supplementary ways of arriving at policies that would seem incompatible with freedom of expression. Freedom of expression refers to the participant’s right not to be prohibited from expressing themselves Bosmajian (1988 p. 122). Scanlon argues that the principle obtains what seems to be an implausible consequence in certain instances. He says that it would be difficult to see how this principle squares laws against misleading advertising on television . In this respect, Scanlon articulates that probably the regulation policies violate the freedom of expression Scanlon (1979, p.534). However, if the policies are acceptable, then they could be paradigms of paternalism. In Scanlon’s view, if anyone could take the first clause of the Millian principle as a restriction set aside in instances where rational capacities are rigorously diminished, it would constitute a dismissal of paternalism. An adequate justification doctrine of paternalism must consider certain factors such as the value associated with the ability for an individual to make their own decisions, the costs of making these decisions and the risks associated with empowering the government to make decisions on people’s behalf. These factors are unique to every case, and may be applicable even in cases where there is no common loss of rational capabilities. However, Scanlon argues that the problems associated with the Millian principle are not only limited to j ustification of paternalism. The principle also protects the interests of important audiences. These interests include the interest of choosing their beliefs and reasons to act on their beliefs. These interests rely not only on the freedom of expression, but also on means of accessing information, education and other issues critical to decision making. Sometimes, supplementary information is

Dopamine transporter phosphorylation site threonine 53 regulates Research Paper

Dopamine transporter phosphorylation site threonine 53 regulates substrate reuptake and amphetamine-stimulated efflux - Research Paper Example (29702). Activities that lead to the reuptake of DAT are crucial for the functionality of the dopaminergic neurons. Dopaminergic disorders, for instance, schizophrenia and depression among others may come about as a result of dysregulation of the transport of DAT, which causes an inequality of dopamine. Commonly abused substances including drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine are often targeted by DAT. In addition, therapeutic agents that treat dopamine complications are also targeted by DAT. Specifically, AMPH and its congeners induce multiple short-term and long-term effects on DAT. The mechanism behind the efflux is related with transporter-generated currents. Various techniques have been used to determine the precise phosphorylation site of DAT. It has been established that that a recombinant peptide containing N-terminal residues 1–65 of rDAT underwent phosphorylation outside living tissues in the presence of proline-guided kinases. It was also established that the precise phosphorylation site in heterologously expressed protein was a threonine residue, which was located at position 53. However, it was vital to ascertain the phosphorylation site using other techniques. The researchers in this paper aimed at determining the role of dopamine transporter phosphorylation site threonine 53 on the reabsorption of the substrate and amphetamine-triggered efflux Foster et al. (29702). The researchers make use of mass spectrometry and a novel antibody that is specific to phosphates to ascertain the presence of DAT phosphorylation at Thr53 in striatal tissue obtained from rodents as well as heterologous expression systems. Cell culture and dopamine transporter mutagenesis was done using Lewis carcinoma cells that were stably expressing WTrDAT (rDAT-LLCPK) (31) or T53A or T53D rDAT and were maintained in alpha minimum essential medium. Dulbeccos modified

Haber-Bosch Process Alternatives

Haber-Bosch Process Alternatives â€Å"Should resources be invested in searching for an alternative to the Haber-Bosch process†. Introduction: Ammonia’s ongoing consumption in the world is startling. The production of ammonia (NH3) was the turn of the 20th century, a startling breakthrough in organic chemistry for the world to stand in astonishment. Two scientist; Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, made this breakthrough through the chemical procedure called the: ‘Haber-Bosch Process,’ (N2+ 3 H2→ 2 NH3.) However they weren’t the first to try the synthesis of ammonia from its elements (www.nobelprize.org, 1920.) prior to the discovery of synthetic ammonia and long before the commercial application of it, early farmers knew that certain properties of carbon based by-products which led to: human waste being scattered in Chinese farmlands, grinding of skeletons in Europe and the exploitation of Peru’s readily-available guano, due to its natural nitrogenous compounds, and the discovery of Nitrogen Fixation Processes (www.firt.org, 2012.) The need for Ammonia was directly related to the worldâ₠¬â„¢s survival, the fixed nitrogen from the air is an incredible and needed ingredient for fertilizing. Many principles of chemical and high—pressure processes were discovered and expended for the optimisation of the known nitrogen fixation process. Industries in the 19th and 20th century saw the ongoing need for nitrogen and turned to their already in use factories for producing coal to use the by-product of coking, ammonia sulphate. This along with the previously mentioned methods was how ammonia was produced pre-Haber-Bosch Process. From these early discoveries evidence can be seen as to why the Haber Bosch process is the best way of producing ammonia for the growing world. Two more scientists by the name of Priestly and Cavendish used electrical sparks in the air to produce nitrates, done by dissolving the oxides of nitrogen to form alkalis. Nitrogen Fixation, fixating Nitration as calcium cynamide proved evasive for commercial use, but later proved useful for the produc tion of chemicals requiring the cynamide configuration. There were numerous other process ect. Thermal Processing, cyanide formation, aluminium nitride formation and the slow process of decomposing to ammonia were deemed to elusive for sustainability due to the scarce amount of chemical components for the organic production to be made, resulting in to high of cost. With Habers-Bosch large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas which had reactants that were inexpensive (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Iron as a catalyst.) Using high pressure (~5000c) alongside high pressure (~150-200 atm), the process involved forcing almost completely unreactive gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to have the product of Ammonia. This high-energy process has undergone extensive modifications in the 21st century which goes on to prove that resources should not be devoted in the search for an alternative to the currently used Haber-Bosch process because the structure of the proc ess is the most balanced of the mentioned processes of making ammonia even in the 21st century with a need of 150 million metric tonnes of ammonia (Chemical and Engineering News, 1996); 80% of which is used in agriculture where 48% of the resulting produce is responsible for the world’s ongoing consumption, however there are a few methods that give an idea for very good alternatives that could replace Haber-Bosch, but would not be as efficient. Discussion on Methods: What has made the Haber Bosch process so great is its low cost and readily available materials as seen in this method, this however has been as previously mentioned modified many times since Haber’s work: Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen, a reversible reaction is as follows: (1) And the equilibrium constant is (2) (www.ias.ac.in, 2012) From our understanding of organic chemistry we can see that production of ammonia is a exothermic reaction with a exponential amount of heat released. As previously mentioned the reaction is reversible, the forward reaction being ammonia synthesis, and the reverse reaction being ammonia decomposition. The decrease of the volume derives from the decrease in the number of moles of gas from the equations, two and one. With the use of Le Chatelier’s Principle (See appendix one), from this it can be seen that by increasing the pressure in the reaction causes the equilibrium to shift to the right resulting in a higher yield of ammonia produce since there is a pressure drop accompanying the transformation; the decrease in the temperature then also causes the equilibrium position to move to the right again resulting in a higher yield of ammonia since the reaction is exothermic as previously mentioned. Figures 1A and B show the effect of temperature and pressure on the equilibrium mole fraction of ammonia. It can be seen that the ammonia mole fraction decreases as the temperature increased just as the pressure increases. Figure one. (A is the mole fraction of ammonia in the state of equilibrium at varying temperatures to result in a given value of pressure. B is difference pressures at fixed values of temperature in Kelvin, data supplied by www.ChemWiki.org Temperature (K) Pressure (Atm) The conclusion then that ammonia synthesis according to the first equation is an equilibrium reaction that is favoured by low temperature and high pressure which. The reaction does not proceed at ambient temperature because nitrogen requires a lot of activation energy for the dissociation to happen (www.Topsoe.com). In the gas phase of the reaction, the dissociation occurs only at around 3000 °C (ChemWiki.com). Looking at the hydrogen molecule in the reaction, which has a weaker molecular bond, only dissociates markedly happened at temperatures above ~1000 °C (ChemWiki.com, 2012). Which shows that the reaction cannot be performed at lower temperature because it needs high activation energy to happen, if there was an increase in the temperature with a enough level, the reverse reaction predominates (www. http://abacus.bates.edu/, 2010). This is where scientist decided to have the role of the iron catalyst come in. Figure two below shows the energy profiles for ammonia synthesis in the absence and presence of the catalyst. The hydrogen and nitrogen molecules lose their translational ability to be bound to the catalyst surface. This reduces the activation energy dramatically and makes the forward reaction go faster, which makes sense to us because catalyst can’t do nothing else but speed the reaction up. Other minor components of the catalyst includecalciumandaluminium oxides, which are there to support the absorbent iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area over time, andpotassium, which increases theelectrondensity of the catalyst and so improves its activity (ChemWiki.com, 2012). This means that scientist can rid the need for extremely high temperature conditions, a problem Haber encounted while trying to find commercial success. Something for us to know it the use of lower temperature reaction conditions means there is limited reverse reaction which is energy saving as well, this reinforces the idea of the Haber-Bosch Process being the bes t there is. For industrial use however, there is still a need for reasonably high temperatures (250–400 °C) to dissociate the N2 and H2. (Figure two, the effect of catalyst on the activation energy). Supplied by www.Chemguide.uk. Now that we know the advantages of the current Haber – Bosch Process, we can look into how carbon-free ammonia comes into the world. Licht wrote a paper on the two current chemical reactions that are now used most widely in ammonia synthesis: CH4+ 2H2O→4H2+ CO2 N2+ 3H2→2NH3 These won’t be explained because they already have previously. 3CH4+ 6H2O +4 N2→ 3CO2+8NH3 Licht wrote of a proposal for the use of ammonia as a fuel for automobiles. Although Licht did not specify the products of the ammonia oxidation, it looked into the possibility that this fuel cell might prove reversible in the case where a product was nitrogen gas, which looks into the fixation of Nitrogen, an electrochemical path to ammonia. However scientist need to overcome the extreme stability of the nitrogen-nitrogen bond in N2gas, nitrogen fixation always requires the need of gas with a metal (www.theenergycollective.com, 2012), which in biological systems the metal in question is molybdenum (as well as the used iron as the catalyst), making molybdenum, along with iodine, the only elements in the periodic table that are essential to this project.Haber he speculated that there was a better catalyst, uranium which we will look at later. A metal catalyst is required in the electrochemical process as stated, in this process the catalyst is iron, but in this case it is necessary that the iron, present as an oxide in the process, be in the form of nanoparticles suspended in molten alkali hydroxides, where future research can be done on the use of other molten oxides, notably, cesium hydroxide, which may prove superior however the variables in the process with respect to temperature, operating voltage, current and the physical nature electrodes will also need to be detailed in research before this can happen. (www.atomicinsight.com,2012). For this processto happen a eutectic melting mixture of KOH and NaOH, potassium and sodium hydroxides respectively; the authors explored also the use of other molten oxides, notably, cesium hydroxide, which may prove as a better source for the process. These hydroxides are only molten at higher temperatures, and steam and air or pure nitrogen gas are bubbled through the molten hydroxide s ( in the case of air, carbon dioxide, meaning that with the removal of this gas from the air would be a side benefit of the process, a benefit to the Haber-Bosch process.)The precise stoichiometry of the reaction varies with the conditions, but one form of reaction mentioned by the authors, this done through a controlled environment, is this: N2+ 10H2O → 2NH3+ 5O2+ 7H2 Both pure oxygen and hydrogen are important to the reaction, and goes to show that the reaction offers many potential synergies for the benefit of the scientist. The gases on the right side are not produced as an explosive mixture, because ammonia and hydrogen are formed on one side of the cell, at the cathode, whereas the oxygen is formed at the anode (www.atomicinsight.com).The mixture of cathodic gases, ammonia and hydrogen in the reaction, are easily separated by compression as Lecht found. The overall electrochemical efficiency is quite high compared to other attempts at the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia gas, which is around 46%, an efficiency that may well be competitive with Haber-Bosch process ammonia synthesis, however this does not include the heat penalty associated with melting the alkali metal hydroxides and keeping them molten which is the reason nitrogen fixation was proved a commercial disaster when Haber was working, where 38% of the land would be needed and the cost being severely higher, Haber’s process uses only 14% of the land to produce ammonia. What else could aid in the Haber-Bosches super process? A better catalyst. Haber sought for a better catalyst in the 20th century with investigations into uranium. With an understanding of the activity of the key component of the Haber-Bosch process which is the catalyst, could help to better the industrial nitrogen fixation still further from what we previously discussed and remove the need for high temperatures and pressures. Ruthenium, osmium, uranium and cobalt-molybdenum can all catalyse the Haber-Bosch process (ChemWiki.com, 2012), but iron catalysts are cheap. It’s the most commonly used catalyst which was developed more than a century ago and is a potassium-doped iron catalyst. A soluble version of such a catalyst might be even more efficient because it could overcome the rate-limiting step of nitrogen dissociation from a solid catalyst surface, which was demonstrated before. Scientist have found that soluble iron catalysts have proven ineffective for the process in its need to be reducing the N-N triple bond as seen in figure three and also cannot produce large amounts of ammonia for commercial use. Germany has developed a molecular iron complex that can react with (Figure three, The N-N Triple bond, a problem that persist in the formation of an improved haber-bosch process). nitrogen gas in the presence of a potassium reducing agent to generate a complex containing two nitrides bound to the iron and potassium cations which contain a mixed iron (2+/3+) nitride.Germany suggests that the formation of this developed core structure has three iron atoms working together to break the dinitrogen triple bond through a six-electron reduction (NewScientist.com, 2014). The resulting nitride of the reaction then reacts with hydrogen gas to generate a high yield of the product ammonia. Unfortunately, this process leads to the use of the iron and so is not catalytic, a problem for the process as it reduces the yield on ammonia because with an absence of a catalyst the reaction is so slow that virtually no reaction happens in a reasonable time (ChemWiki.com, 2012). The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor. Germany’s work on the core provides i mportant clues as to precisely how nitrogen cleavage and N-H bond formation occurs, which might allow them to build a complex that does work catalytically in solution, something that can be further investigated in the future. This is great because it means the Haber-Bosch Process can be simplified and eventually bring a greater yield of product, seeing the growth of ammonia grow in the world. Conclusion: Through economic situations, the Haber-Bosch Process is the most essential to the world, however it’s also the most relevant in terms of the future. Nitrogen Fixation as we looked at can potentially be a competitor to the Haber-Boch Process, due to it’s overall electrochemical efficiency which as stated is quite high in comparison to other attempts at the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia gas, it is around 46%, an efficiency that may well be competitive with Haber-Bosch process ammonia synthesis. Unfortunately there is no process being studied in thermodynamics to reduce the heat loss from the process, ChemGuide.uk states that â€Å"A 46% increase is substantial for the future of Ammonia production, but heat loss is an issue for it that so far, can’t be reduced with what we know today†. The next thing we looked at was the catalyst in the current Haber-Bosch Process. Haber dwelled into Uranium but backed out of the idea because of the money, however with the advance we discussed in the study on catalytic effects it’s clear and hypothesises that there is a high possibility that in the future Ruthenium, osmium, uranium and cobalt-molybdenum can all be used in the synthesis of ammonia with a high yield in produce, which is being investigated currently. Advances in the Haber-Bosch Process are our best approach for the future, scientifically and economically, that is until thermodynamics are better understood. Appendix Summary of Le Chatelier’s Principle by www.ChemWiki.ucdavis.edu (1) If the concentration of a reactant is increased, the equilibrium position shifts to use up the added reactants by producing more products. (2) For gaseous reactions, gas pressure is related to the number of gas particles in the system; more gas particles means more gas pressure. Consider a reaction which is accompanied by decrease in number of moles, such as, ammonia synthesis (equation one). Increasing the pressure on this equilibrium system will result in the equilibrium position shifting to reduce the pressure, that is, to the side that has the least number of gas particles. (3) In an endothermic reaction, energy can be considered as a reactant of the reaction while in an exothermic reaction, energy can be considered as a product of the reaction. Consider an exothermic reaction which is accompanied by release of heat, such as ammonia synthesis (equation one). Reducing the temperature of this equilibrium system (which result in taking the heat away) will result in the equilibrium position shifting to increase the temperature (producing more heat), that is, to shift the equilibrium position to the right.

Is animal research in psychology ethical and necessary? Essay

Animals are living organisms that belong to the Animalia kingdom. These are classified as multicellular, meaning that their biological bodies is composed of many cells that interact to each other to perform biological processes. There are certain characteristics of animals that differ with other living organisms. Cell wall is not present in the cell of an animal unlike on plants. As mentioned earlier, animals are classified as eukaryotic which distinguish them from bacteria and protists. They digest their foods in a digestive system which separate from plants and algae. The body structures of animals of different species are almost the same. If not, they have many in common. The basic unit of life is cell. Cells work depending on their work. There are cells that manage the formation of blood while there are cells that control the formation and development of bones. Cells of the same structure and work will form larger organic system which is called the tissues (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997). The work of tissue will depend on what kind of cell it was formed. After this stage, the lager stage which is composed of groups of tissues is called organs. Example of an organ is the eye. Eye is the sensory organ for sight. Animals use their eyes to see what is around them. The eye is composed of different cells and tissues. These cells and tissues interact together so that the animal can see the surrounding. And the last stage is called the system. System is composed on interrelated organs. Example of an animal biological system is the digestive system. It is composed of stomach, large and small intestines, esophagus and other organs. The digestive system works as the digester of the food that was eaten by an animal. The digestion process occurs at the digestion chamber which is the stomach. This stomach is composed of tissue muscles and muscle cells (Nielsen, 2001). Research Research is a human activity that is based from scientific method that seeks or wants to discover anything. In making a study or experiment, one must research existing knowledge or newly discovered facts that will aid in the conduct of the study or experiment. In doing a research study or experiment, the first thing to do is to determine the problem that wants to be solved. This is also known as the topic of the study. After this is the formation of the hypothesis. Hypothesis is an intelligent guess. You must test the hypothesis to determine the solution on the problem or the topic. The next thing to do is the gathering of the relevant data. These data will be used to support the discussion part of the research activity. Analysis of the gathered data will show how the data will affect the decision on the acceptance of the hypothesis. And the last part of a research method is the conclusion. In this part, the significance of the hypothesis is determined. This will show if the hypothesis will be accepted or rejected (Trochim, 2006). Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior that uses interdisciplinary principles like science and mental processes. It is a branch of behavioral science. It deals on studying the behavior of human in social dynamics while incorporating physiological and neurological processes into its conceptions of mental functioning. Psychology tries to explain the complex behavior of the human mind that controls all the action and behavior of a person. All the factors are considered in this area of knowledge like the physical, social, political, and spiritual aspects of human. (Miller, 1890) Ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the study of human values and customs. In this area of knowledge, the difference between good and bad, right and wrong are being emphasized. Ethical issues are usually encountered on people with profession. Ethical standards are set from different profession. These ethical standards will guide people in conducting and performing their duty. The ethical standards are usually based on right, good and norms. There are different ethical standards for different fields or professions (Perle, 2004). Alarming issue-The conservatives In the advent of the 19th century, technology had been an efficient tool in making the lives of human simpler and easier. Also, there was an obvious trend in the development of technology. Products of the technology today are smaller, faster, lightweight and more efficient compared to other products that were invented before the advancement of technology. In the agriculture sector, genetically modified corns are now popular. The new invented corn has many advantages compared to the traditional corn that is use in many corn plantations. Genetically modified corn has high resistant to pest infestation. Also, higher production is acquired when genetically modified corn is used by a farmer because corn kernel produced by a single corn is higher than on a normal corn. Thus many framers now are using the hybrid corn to increase their profit. Another product of the advancement of technology is Dolly. Dolly is a sheep that was cloned. In the 1990s, cloning was one of the focuses of many scientists. They modify the genetic makeup of a living organism and then cloning the original organism to produce an identical one. And the first living thing to be cloned was a sheep. On the two examples above, many conservative sectors were alarmed on the capability of technology to modify living organism. They said that it is not ethical to produce other living things because only the Creator must do that. Another ethical issue tat concern living organism is the research on animals’ psychology. In this paper, deep analysis will be done to justify why there is a need for animals in research of psychology. Why animals? Today, animals are being examined and experimented to determine their behavior when an external force is applied to them. This kind of research is popular on the field of psychology and medicine. An example in the medicine field is the determination of the effects of a newly discovered medicine drug. Scientists observe the effect of the drug by applying it to an animal. Another animal research used in medicine or science is Dolly. Scientist tests whether they can clone an animal and also, further studied if Dolly is identical to the original sheep. In psychology, animals are being examined to determine their behavior when something in their environment changed. They examine the behavior of an animal to understand complex behavior of man. In this way, psychologist can gain basic knowledge on the learning processes and motivational systems, such as hunger, thirst, and reproduction. Animal research has provided critical information about the sensory processes of vision, taste, hearing, and pain perception. But for all the living organisms, why is animal used in research in psychology instead of plants or humans? This question will try to be answered as the discussion will flow. Until now, the debate between the animal conservatives and the psychologist is still on going. The former contradicts to the latter in a way that why are animals used in many research just to discover and understand the behavior of man and why not human be the focus on research? The main reason why animals are preferred to be examined than human is the ethical issues concerning on the rights of every all people living in this world that is- the right to chose what kind of life they want. But how about on the side of animals? Do they have no right to have normal life? This is the main argument of the psychologists and animal protectors. According to recent studies, animal research had brought many finding and basic knowledge about the behavior of man (â€Å"Why animal experimentation persists,† 2007). As mentioned earlier, animal research had brought and understand deep behavioral principles that links animals to man. It leads to the development of effective methods for promoting learning and self-reliance in a wide variety of populations. Animal research has contributed also to treatment of difficult clinical problems such as controlling self- injurious behavior in autistic children and adults and teaching children who have been tube-fed since birth to eat normally (Association, 2007b). Other significant contributions of animal research in psychology is the knowledge acquired o the effects of psychoactive drugs and environmental toxicants, and other chemicals that are utilized by man (Association, 2007a). This is why animals are use in many research psychologies instead of man because the experiment may change the behavior of a person and this will not permit by the human rights law. Also, if these psychoactive drugs and environmental toxicants are used on human, death may be a result of the experiment. When research on psychology is being discussed, animal as the material in the experiment is always the talk of the town. But there are also some areas where the use of man is more preferred than on animals in studying the human behavior. One example is the human behavior on love. Though animals also feels affection, human are more reliable when love or affection is the focus of the study. This is one of the examples were human research in psychology is more preferred than on the use of animals in the laboratory. Another main reason why there are such studies that needs to be done with the use of animals as their samples. One main reason is the duty to the field of science. Every experiment using a animal must have a relevant purpose or objective to justify the need for an animal to be part of the experiment. One kind of purpose is the increase in knowledge in a specific field. Many psychologists do research on behavioral science to gain more knowledge that will help them in understanding the complex structure of the human behavior. Though the main focus of many psychologists on their research is the human behavior, they used animals because animals and humans have high resemblance in their characteristics, this maybe physical, emotional and behavioral aspect. As mentioned by Darwin in his theory of Evolution, he emphasized that animals’ continuity in evolution is human. When animals are used in research in psychology, which will bring better understanding on the human behavior, the findings will be used to answer many behavioral problems. This is one of the reasons why there are such studies that are being done, to help in solving psychological problems of human. This is because there are people suffering from serious behavioral syndrome. In this way, the findings in research on animals can help to solve the problem mentioned. This will benefit the welfare or health of human as well the animals (Association, 2007b). Benefits vs. Cost When attempting to conduct a research study using animals, it takes many financial resources just to start as well to finish the research. Take for example in the experiment on a mouse. The mouse cost about $200 million. This is just only the animal that will be used in the experiment, the laboratory is another source of cost. When doing research in animals, the laboratory is very special in a way that the instruments that are utilized are different when compared to a normal laboratory. In a rat experiment, the materials and instruments will cost for about $4,500. 00. Though many psychologists and researchers as well as the government allots large funds for a single experiment, the knowledge that is acquired after the experiment will compensate the cost of the experiment. The knowledge that was gain will be used in many applications like in medicine so that to lessen the dependence on medical health program. Also, theses knowledge will be used to understand further human behavior so that to minimize human behavior syndrome. Ethical Issues There are sectors in a society where they protect the welfare of animals. They want to preserve the biological structure of animal. They believe that animals have also rights to live in normal life. But still there are many research studies on animals on psychology. Because of this issue, many psychologists proposed to have ethical standards when one wants to conduct an experiment on animals. These ethical standards will guide anyone who wants to conduct a research study. Violation on the standards would mean fine or punishment. Another way to protect research animals is the creation of law. The most popular law that protects animals on further abuse is the Animal Welfare Act, most recently amended in 1985. This law will protect research animals on mistreatment. In this act also, the instruments that are utilized will be check regularly and if the instruments still follow the standards set by the said law (Association, 2007b). Many safeguards exist to assure that laboratory animals receive humane and ethical treatment. Care and use of animals in research are regulated and monitored by various government agencies. Institutions in which research with animals is conducted have federally mandated review committees (Association, 2007b). One of the most popular animal researches is the Skinner’s rat. Skinner is a well known psychologist ad was faculty in Harvard University. He studied the behavior of a rate so that to understand better the human behavior (BF, 1953). He emphasized that animal research is simpler to conduct than on human because the behavior of animals are simple to understand than of the human. Another advantage of animal research on human research is that the outside factors that can affect the result of the study can be controlled. He said that is you want to examine the sight of a rat; you must first study its behavior in a dark place and compare its behavior in an illuminated place (Ulrich, 2007). The Impact At the start of animal research to further understand human behavior, it received many controversies. One is the issue the right to live in normal life. The sectors that protect the welfare of animals argue that all living organisms must be treated equally and that all have the right to live. They said that mistreating animals is not a humane way. Another impact of animal research is the high cost in conducting the said research. The conservative group argues that instead of using the large amount of money in a non sense research, why not to government programs that will lessen the problem of a given country like the investment on high technology instruments to be used like computers (Kenneth J. Shapiro, 2007). Another question of the conservative groups is; are there any other way except on the use of animals on research to understand human behavior? Today, plants are now being considered to be one of the options when conducting research study. With the use of fast and sophisticated computers, the knowledge can be gained. Conclusion Animal research on psychology had gained many negative feedbacks because of the ethical issue behind. Many conservative groups want to protect the welfare of animals by not allowing animal research to conduct. Still there are many animal researches in the world. This is because psychologist wants to gain knowledge on human behavior. Is animal research in psychology ethical and necessary? Animal research is essential because the result that will be gained after the research compensate the negative feedbacks. Though there are ethical issues surrounding animal research, psychologists are now trying to follow ethical standards when they are conduction experiment. This is to ensure the welfare and humane treatment of the animals being experimented. References: Association, A. P. (2007a). The Importance of Laboratory Animal Research in Psychology: Psychopharmacology [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, Association, A. P. (2007b). Research With Animals in Psychology [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. apa. org/science/animal2.html BF, S. (1953). Beyond Freedom and Dignity: New York. Kenneth J. Shapiro, P. (2007). Animal Models of Human Psychology Critique of Science, Ethics and Policy [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. psyeta. org/animalmodels. html Miller, G. A. (1890). The Principles of Psychology: Harvard University Press. Nielsen, K. (2001). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (2nd edition ed. ): Oxford Univ. Press. Perle, S. (2004). Morality and Ethics: An Introduction. : Butchvarov, Panayot. Schmidt-Nielsen, K.(1997). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. (5th edition ed. ): Cambridge Univ. Press. Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Structure of Research: Research Methods Knowledge Base. Ulrich, R. E. (2007). Animal Research in Psychology: An Example of Reinforced Behavior [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. curedisease. com/Perspectives/vol_3_1991/psych. html Why animal experimentation persists [Electronic. (2007). Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. curedisease. com/why_animal_experimentation_persists. pdf.

Ethical dilemmas Essay

Ethical dilemmas in the society have posted a major challenge to humanity since historical times. This has been contributed by the threats and immediate uncertainty that acts and reacts to kill the will and desire to do that which is good. Ethical dilemmas comprises of direct wrong acts in the society even when the correct acts are clear. However, the good actions are mostly never committed as they require dire commitment and are often interpreted in the wrong mode by the immediate peers and/ or work mates (Cyndi, 2008). In colleges, students are faced with major challenges related to their peers and the administration too. Ethics dictate that the students should not cheat in the exam rooms. Again, students are not supposed to steal others properties or sneak out of the school compound. The ethical thing to do in such a situation is reporting the case to the administration for disciplinary actions against the culprits. However, students do not report and remain silent in majority of the cases and therefore encourage repetition of the same acts. It is usually very hard to gather evidence since cases like those of cheating cannot have exhibits. Besides, there are long procedures to follow in filing such cases and therefore it appears as a waste of time by the students. Finally, it appears as a sabotage and betrayal of one’s peers and therefore one risks being segregated. Therefore, majority of the students though willing never acts ethically as they are torn between acting correctly or maintaining the demands of the immediate associations (James & Dean, 2008). Lawyers on the other hand are trusted with ensuring that the most ethical discourses are followed in the justice system. However, rarely does it happen as they defend their clients even when they are aware that he/she is on the wrong side. As a professional lawyer, bringing charges against another lawyer is hard even after clearly knowing that he/she has been on the wrong side (Scott & Ronald, 2008). This is because it demands involvement in terms of time and vast resources to effectively defend the case. Besides, one keeps off as the peer dislike people who go against one their ideologies in the societies. Like the students case, one may be left alone and therefore unable to operate in the profession which requires strong cooperation. As indicated earlier, lawyers know how to cover what is bad with good and lots of evidence may be required to win particular cases against them. Lawyers Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey defended O J. Simpson in his murder case with little challenges from other lawyers of their firms even understanding their client had committed the crime (Cyndi, 2008). Besides, accountants have also been strongly involved in unethical deeds where they inflate or deflate the books of accounts in solidarity with their partners to ensure that they make a company or project fail in favor of another one. In such cases, though there is enough evidence to launch major complains, the rewards are generally hefty and the members commit never to reveal it and exposing the deal would lead to threats by other members. This has been highly unethical as it may lead to loss of jobs and investments for innocent people (James & Dean 2008). An honor system application and use in the society has had many advantages to the immediate users and the society at large. It is cost effective as it is run by trust and enhancing efficiency is easy as it emanates from the individuals goodwill. For instance buses and trains can operate easily without waiting for routine tickets checking. Besides, it brings the groups together and promotes the spirit of team work in an organization or institutions thereby raising the efficiency of immediate operations. However, in the society where there is great tendency to do the wrong things than the correct one major businesses are bound to fail due to solidarity of the employees and staff. As a result, it promotes laziness and bad behavior as the employees act in solidarity to cover up their colleagues on the wrong sides in the organization or institutions (Scott & Ronald, 2008). This system breeds the major dilemmas and acts to kill the good people in the society by pushing them into the major peer cocoons. Conclusion. Ethical dilemmas have posted some of the major threats in the society to humanity and the production systems. They have far reaching impacts to the society especially if they are amongst the peers in institutions and other management units. To add to that, these dilemmas operates at all levels from school to high professionals and administration management realms therefore posing major risks to the whole society. To address the situation, institutions require embarking on strong campaigns to fight the unethical behaviors in the society. Cooperation and communication based on mutual trust and low coercion in organizations and schools should be established. Besides, the leaders should act as the major role models for all the people in their organizations or institutions. Reference list. Cyndi, B. (2008). Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory and Practice. New York: Sage Publishers. James, L. & Dean, B. (2008). Decision-making Near the End-of-life: Recent Developments and Future Directions. New York: CRC Press. Scott, A. & Ronald, R. (2008). Executive Ethics: Ethical Dilemmas and Challenges for the C- Suite. New Jersey: IAP.

Rhetorical Analysis Oregon Fish And Wildlife Commission

General For this Rhetorical Analysis assignment, I have reviewed two documents, one from John Vucetich, a Professor of Wildlife at Michigan Technical University and one from Adrian Treves, an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at The University of Wisconsin. Both documents request that the Grey Wolf remains on Oregon’s Endangered Species List as the specifications of removing the wolf from the list have not yet been met.AudienceThe primary audience of these two documents is the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission and it is clearly stated upon both documents in a letter like format, where they state, â€Å"To the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission:† or â€Å"Dear Commissioners,†. The Secondary Audience would apply to any of the other†¦show more content†¦Ultimately, Adrian Treves has done a better job advocating for the grey wolf to remain on the endangered species list, through his format and use of lists and bolded literature. There do not se em to be any apparent violations within the conventions. The time line of these documents is in very close proximity as both of the memos were written during the month of October on day twenty-seven and twenty-eight, within the year of 2015. Some social and political issues that come into play during these memos is the issue that Oregon’s Commissioners is considering delisting grey wolves from the endangered species list based on propositions that I quote are â€Å"...not supported by science, the law or the public.† and â€Å"The continued insistence on delisting wolves seems motivated by politics and specious perception that it would make things easier for the agency.† (Page 4). It is apparent that the motive to remove grey wolves from the endangered species list would make it â€Å"easier† for the agencies that constantly have to monitor and deal with the problems that arise with having wolves in the state but, the current wolf population in Oregon is roughly eighty to eighty-three animals which is far below the carrying capacity of the state. ExigenceThe purpose for theShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesReasons ................................................................................................ 236 Deceiving with Loaded Language ................................................................................................... 238 Using Rhetorical Devices .................................................................................................................. 240 Review of Major Points .............................................................................................